JEE (Advanced) 2024 : Syllabus

PHYSICS

General 

General Units and dimensions, dimensional analysis; least count, significant figures; Methods of measurement and error analysis for physical quantities pertaining to the following experiments: Experiments based on using Vernier calipers and screw gauge (micrometer), Determination of g using simple pendulum, Young's modulus - elasticity of the material Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents. Specific heat of a liquid using calorimeter, focal length of a concave mirror and a convex lens using u-v method, Speed of sound using resonance column, Verification of Ohm's law using voltmeter and ammeter, and specific resistance of the material of a wire using meter bridge and post office box.

Mechanics 

Kinematics in one and two dimensions (Cartesian coordinates only), projectiles; Uniform circular motion; Relative velocity. Newton's laws of motion; Inertial and uniformly accelerated frames of reference; Static and dynamic friction; Kinetic and potential energy; Work and power; Conservation of linear momentum and mechanical energy. Systems of particles; Centre of mass and its motion; Impulse; Elastic and inelastic collisions. Rigid body, moment of inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, moment of inertia of uniform bodies with simple geometrical shapes; Angular momentum; Torque; Conservation of angular momentum; Dynamics of rigid bodies with fixed axis of rotation; Rolling without slipping of rings, cylinders and spheres; Equilibrium of rigid bodies; Collision of point masses with rigid bodies. Forced and damped oscillation (in one dimension), resonance. Linear and angular simple harmonic motions. Hooke's law, Young's modulus. Law of gravitation; Gravitational potential and field; Acceleration due to gravity; Kepler's law, Geostationary orbits, Motion of planets and satellites in circular orbits; Escape velocity. Pressure in a fluid; Pascal's law;Buoyancy; Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Viscosity (Poiseuille's equation excluded), Modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus in mechanics. Stoke's law; Terminal velocity, Streamline flow, equation of continuity, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications. Wave motion (plane waves only), longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition of waves; Progressive and stationary waves; Vibration of strings and air columns; Resonance; Beats; Speed of sound in gases; Doppler effect (in sound)

Thermal Physics 

Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases; Calorimetry, latent heat; Heat conduction in one dimension; Elementary concepts of convection and radiation; Newton's law of cooling; Ideal gas laws; Specific heats (Cv and Cp for monoatomic and diatomic gases); Isothermal and adiabatic processes, bulk modulus of gases; Equivalence of heat and work; First law of thermodynamics and its applications (only for ideal gases); Second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine and its efficiency; Blackbody radiation: absorptive and emissive powers; Kirchhoff's law; Wien's displacement law, Stefan's law.

Electricity and Magnestism 

Coulomb's law; Electric field and potential; Electrical potential energy of a system of point charges and of electrical dipoles in a uniform electrostatic field; Electric field lines; Flux of electric field; Gauss's law and its application in simple cases, such as, to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Capacitance; Parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectrics; Capacitors in series and parallel; Energy stored in a capacitor. Electric current; Ohm's law; Series and parallel arrangements of resistances and cells; Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications; Heating effect of current. Biot-Savart's law and Ampere's law; Magnetic field near a current-carrying straight wire, along the axis of a circular coil and inside a long straight solenoid; Force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic moment of a current loop; Effect of a uniform magnetic field on a current loop; Moving coil galvanometer, voltmeter, ammeter and their conversions. Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law, Lenz's law; Self and mutual inductance; RC, LR, LC and LCR(in series) circuits with d.c. and a.c. sources.

Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Optics 

Rectilinear propagation of light; Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces; Total internal reflection; Deviation and dispersion of light by a prism; Thin lenses; Combinations of mirrors and thin lenses; Magnification. Wave nature of light: Huygen's principle, interference limited to Young's double slit experiment. Diffraction due to a single slit. Polarization of light, plane polarized light; Brewster's law, Polaroids.

Modern Physics 

Atomic nucleus; ,  and  radiations; Law of radioactive decay; Decay constant; Half-life and mean life; Binding energy and its calculation; Fission and fusion processes; Energy calculation in these processes. Photoelectric effect; Bohr's theory of hydrogen-like atoms; Characteristic and continuous X-rays, Moseley's law; de Broglie wavelength of matter waves.

CHEMISTRY

General Topics 

Concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton's atomic theory; Mole concept; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on mole concept and stoichiometry) involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralisation, and displacement reactions; Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality.

States of Matter: 

Gases and Liquids Gas laws and ideal gas equation, absolute scale of temperature; Deviation from ideality, van der Waals equation; Kinetic theory of gases, average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relation with temperature; Law of partial pressures; Diffusion of gases. Intermolecular interactions: types, distance dependence, and their effect on properties; Liquids: vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity.

Atomic Structure 

Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom; Wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty principle; Qualitative quantum mechanical picture of hydrogen atom: Energies, quantum numbers, wave function and probability density (plots only), shapes of s, p and d orbitals; Aufbau principle; Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 

Orbital overlap and covalent bond; Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only; Molecular orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species (up to Ne2); Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment; VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral).

Chemical Thermodynamics 

Intensive and extensive properties, state functions, First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work (pressure-volume only) and heat; Enthalpy, heat capacity, standard state, Hess's law; Enthalpy of reaction, fusion and vapourization, and lattice enthalpy; Second law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Gibbs energy; Criteria of equilibrium and spontaneity.

Chemical and Ionic Equilibrium 

Law of mass action; Significance of  and  in chemical equilibrium; Equilibrium constant (Kp and Kc) and reaction quotient, Le Chatelier's principle (effect of concentration, temperature and pressure); Solubility product and its applications, common ion effect, pH and buffer solutions; Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts.

Electrochemistry 

Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; Electrochemical work, Nernst equation; Electrochemical series, emf of galvanic cells; Faraday's laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch's law; Batteries: Primary and Secondary, fuel cells; Corrosion.

Chemical Kinetics Rates of chemical reactions; Order and molecularity of reactions; Rate law, rate constant, half-life; Differential and integrated rate expressions for zero and first order reactions; Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation and activation energy); Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.

Solid State 

Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems (cell parameters a, b, c, , , ), close packed structure of solids (cubic and hexagonal), packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices; Nearest neighbours, ionic radii and radius ratio, point defects.

Solutions 

Henry's law; Raoult's law; Ideal solutions; Colligative properties: lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, and osmotic pressure; van't Hoff factor.

Surface Chemistry 

Elementary concepts of adsorption: Physisorption and Chemisorption, Freundlich adsorption isotherm; Colloids: types, methods of preparation and general properties; Elementary ideas of emulsions, surfactants and micelles (only definitions and examples).

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 

Modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table; electronic configuration of elements; periodic trends in atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, electronegativity, and chemical reactivity.

Hydrogen 

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, use and structure; hydrogen as a fuel.

s-Block Elements 

Alkali and alkaline earth metals-reactivity towards air, water, dihydrogen, halogens, acids; their reducing nature including solutions in liquid ammonia; uses of these elements; general characteristics of their oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids; anomalous behaviour of lithium and beryllium; preparation, properties, and uses of compounds of sodium (sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate) and calcium (calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate).

p-Block Elements 

Oxidation state and trends in chemical reactivity of elements of groups 13-17; anomalous properties of boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine with respect to other elements in their respective groups. Group 13: Reactivity towards acids, alkalis, and halogens; preparation, properties, and uses of borax, orthoboric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride, and alums; uses of boron and aluminium.

Group 14: Reactivity towards water and halogen; allotropes of carbon and uses of carbon; preparation, properties, and uses of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silicon dioxide, silicones, silicates, zeolites. Group 15: Reactivity towards hydrogen, oxygen, and halogen; allotropes of phosphorous; preparation, properties, and uses of dinitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride; oxides of nitrogen and oxoacids of phosphorus. Group 16: Reactivity towards hydrogen, oxygen, and halogen; simple oxides; allotropes of sulfur; preparation/manufacture, properties, and uses of dioxygen, ozone, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid; oxoacids of sulfur. Group 17: Reactivity towards hydrogen, oxygen, and metals; preparation/manufacture, properties, and uses of chlorine, hydrogen chloride and interhalogen compounds; oxoacids of halogens, bleaching powder. Group 18: Chemical properties and uses; compounds of xenon with fluorine and oxygen.

d-Block Elements 

Oxidation states and their stability; standard electrode potentials; interstitial compounds; alloys; catalytic properties; applications; preparation, structure, and reactions of oxoanions of chromium and manganese.

f-Block Elements 

Lanthanoid and actinoid contractions; oxidation states; general characteristics.

Coordination Compounds 

Werner's theory; Nomenclature, cis-trans and ionization isomerism, hybridization and geometries (linear, tetrahedral, square planar and octahedral) of mononuclear coordination compounds; Bonding [VBT and CFT (octahedral and tetrahedral fields)]; Magnetic properties (spin-only) and colour of 3d-series coordination compounds; Ligands and spectrochemical series; Stability; Importance and applications; Metal carbonyls.

Isolation of Metals 

Metal ores and their concentration; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ores: thermodynamic (iron, copper, zinc) and electrochemical (aluminium) principles of metallurgy; cyanide process (silver and gold); refining.

Principles of Qualitative Analysis 

Groups I to V (only Ag+ , Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+); Nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), carbonate and bicarbonate, sulphate and sulphide.

Environmental Chemistry 

Atmospheric pollution; water pollution; soil pollution; industrial waste; strategies to control environmental pollution; green chemistry.

Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry 

Hybridisation of carbon;  and -bonds; Shapes of simple organic molecules; aromaticity; Structural and geometrical isomerism; Stereoisomers and stereochemical relationship (enantiomers, diastereomers, meso) of compounds containing only up to two asymmetric centres  ( R,S and E,Z configurations excluded); Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds by combustion method only; IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules (hydrocarbons, including simple cyclic hydrocarbons and their mono-functional and bi-functional derivatives only); Hydrogen bonding effects; Inductive, Resonance and Hyperconjugative effects; Acidity and basicity of organic compounds; Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage; Formation, structure and stability of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.

Alkanes 

Homologous series; Physical properties (melting points, boiling points and density) and effect of branching on them; Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections only); Preparation from alkyl halides and aliphatic carboxylic acids; Reactions: combustion, halogenation (including allylic and benzylic halogenation) and oxidation.

Alkenes and Alkynes 

Physical properties (boiling points, density and dipole moments); Preparation by elimination reactions; Acid catalysed hydration (excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination); Metal acetylides; Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4 and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with X2, HX, HOX, (X=halogen); Effect of peroxide on addition reactions; cyclic polymerization reaction of alkynes.

Benzene 

Structure; Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, FriedelCrafts alkylation and acylation; Effect of directing groups (monosubstituted benzene) in these reactions.

Phenols 

Physical properties; Preparation, Electrophilic substitution reactions of phenol (halogenation, nitration, sulphonation); Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Kolbe reaction; Esterification; Etherification; Aspirin synthesis; Oxidation and reduction reactions of phenol.

Alkyl Halides 

Rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation; Grignard reactions; Nucleophilic substitution reactions and their stereochemical aspects.

Alcohols 

Physical properties; Reactions: esterification, dehydration (formation of alkenes and ethers); Reactions with: sodium, phosphorus halides, ZnCl2/concentrated HCl, thionyl chloride; Conversion of alcohols into aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.

Ethers 

Preparation by Williamson's synthesis; C-O bond cleavage reactions.

Aldehydes and Ketones 

Preparation of: aldehydes and ketones from acid chlorides and nitriles; aldehydes from esters; benzaldehyde from toluene and benzene; Reactions: oxidation, reduction, oxime and hydrazone formation; Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction; Haloform reaction; Nucleophilic addition reaction with RMgX, NaHSO3, HCN, alcohol, amine.

Carboxylic Acids 

Physical properties; Preparation: from nitriles, Grignard reagents, hydrolysis of esters and amides; Preparation of benzoic acid from alkylbenzenes; Reactions: reduction, halogenation, formation of esters, acid chlorides and amides.

Amines 

Preparation from nitro compounds, nitriles and amides; Reactions: Hoffmann bromamide degradation, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis; Reaction with nitrous acid, Azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts of aromatic amines; Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium salts; Carbylamine reaction, Hinsberg test, Alkylation and acylation reactions.

Haloarenes 

Reactions: Fittig, Wurtz-Fittig; Nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and substituted haloarenes (excluding benzyne mechanism and cine substitution).

Biomolecules 

Carbohydrates: Classification; Mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose); Oxidation; Reduction; Glycoside formation and hydrolysis of disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose); Anomers. Proteins: Amino acids; Peptide linkage; Structure of peptides (primary and secondary); Types of proteins (fibrous and globular). Nucleic acids: Chemical composition and structure of DNA and RNA.

Polymers 

Types of polymerization (addition, condensation); Homo and copolymers; Natural rubber; Cellulose; Nylon; Teflon; Bakelite; PVC; Bio-degradable polymers; Applications of polymers.

Chemistry in Everyday Life 

Drug-target interaction; Therapeutic action, and examples (excluding structures), of antacids, antihistamines, tranquilizers, analgesics, antimicrobials, and antifertility drugs; Artificial sweeteners (names only); Soaps, detergents, and cleansing action.

Practical Organic 

Chemistry Detection of elements (N, S, halogens); Detection and identification of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl, amino and nitro.

MATHEMATICS

Sets, Relations and Functions 

Sets and their representations, different kinds of sets (empty, finite and infinite), algebra of sets, intersection, complement, difference and symmetric difference of sets and their algebraic properties, De-Morgan's laws on union, intersection, difference (for finite number of sets) and practical problems based on them.

Cartesian product of finite sets, ordered pair, relations, domain and codomain of relations, equivalence relation

Function as a special case of relation, functions as mappings, domain, codomain, range of functions, invertible functions, even and odd functions, into, onto and one-to-one functions, special functions (polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, power, absolute value, greatest integer etc.), sum, difference, product and composition of functions.

Algebra 

Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of unity, geometric interpretations. Statement of fundamental theorem of algebra, Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations between roots and coefficients, formation of quadratic equations with given roots, symmetric functions of roots. Arithmetic and geometric progressions, arithmetic and geometric means, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sum of the first n natural numbers, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural numbers. Logarithms and their properties, permutations and combinations, binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients.

Matrices 

Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, elementary row and column transformations, determinant of a square matrix of order up to three, adjoint of a matrix, inverse of a square matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables.

Probability and Statistics

Random experiment, sample space, different types of events (impossible, simple, compound), addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional probability, independence of events, total probability, Bayes Theorem, computation of probability of events using permutations and combinations.

Measure of central tendency and dispersion, mean, median, mode, mean deviation, standard deviation and variance of grouped and ungrouped data, analysis of the frequency distribution with same mean but different variance, random variable, mean and variance of the random variable.

Trigonometry 

Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs, addition and subtraction formulae, formulae involving multiple and sub-multiple angles, general solution of trigonometric equations. Inverse trigonometric functions (principal value only) and their elementary properties.

Analytical Geometry 

Two dimensions: Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin. Equation of a straight line in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line; Lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrency of lines; Centroid, orthocentre, incentre and circumcentre of a triangle. Equation of a circle in various forms, equations of tangent, normal and chord. Parametric equations of a circle, intersection of a circle with a straight line or a circle, equation of a circle through the points of intersection of two circles and those of a circle and a straight line. Equations of a parabola, ellipse and hyperbola in standard form, their foci, directrices and eccentricity, parametric equations, equations of tangent and normal. Locus problems. Three dimensions: Distance between two points, direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines, equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane, angle between two lines, angle between two planes, angle between a line and the plane, coplanar lines.

Differential Calculus 

Limit of a function at a real number, continuity of a function, limit and continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, L'Hospital rule of evaluation of limits of functions. Continuity of composite functions, intermediate value property of continuous functions. Derivative of a function, derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain rule, derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Tangents and normals, increasing and decreasing functions, derivatives of order two, maximum and minimum values of a function, Rolle's theorem and Lagrange's mean value theorem, geometric interpretation of the two theorems, derivatives up to order two of implicit functions, geometric interpretation of derivatives.

Integral Calculus 

Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions, definite integrals as the limit of sums, definite integral and their properties, fundamental theorem of integral calculus. Integration by parts, integration by the methods of substitution and partial fractions, application of definite integrals to the determination of areas boundedbysimple curves. Formation of ordinary differential equations, solution of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree, separation of variables method, linear first order differential equations.

Vectors 

Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, dot and cross products, scalar and vector triple products, and their geometrical interpretations.

SYLLABUS for JEE (Main)-2023 

Syllabus for Paper-1 (B.E./B.Tech.)- Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry  

MATHEMATICS 

UNIT 1: SETS, RELATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS: Sets and their representation: Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Type of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions. 

UNIT 2: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS: Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex number, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions Relations between roots and co-efficient, nature of roots, the formation of quadratic equations with given roots. 

UNIT3: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS: Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices, determinants, and matrices of order two and three, properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants, Adjoint, and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices. 

UNIT 4: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS: The fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as section, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications. 

UNIT 5: MATHEMATICAL INDUCTIONS: Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications. 

UNIT 6: BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS: Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients, and simple applications. 

UNIT 7: SEQUENCE AND SERIES: Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers, Relation between A.M and G.M sum up to n terms of special series; Sn, Sn2, Sn3. Arithmetico-Geometric progression. 

UNIT 8: LIMIT, CONTINUITY, AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Real–valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions, inverse function. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity, and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order up to two, Rolle’s and Lagrange's Mean value Theorems, Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonicIncreasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normal. 

UNIT 9: INTEGRAL CALCULAS: Integral as an anti-derivative, Fundamental Integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithms functions. Integrations by substitution, by parts, and by partial functions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Evaluation of simple integrals of the type 

Integral as limit of a sum. The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form. 

UNIT 10: DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS Ordinary differential equations, their order, and degree, the formation of differential equations, solution of differential equation by the method of separation of variables, solution of a homogeneous and linear differential equation of the type 

UNIT 11: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections formula, locus, and its equation, translation of axes, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the co-ordinate axis. Straight line Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a line, equations of internal and external by sectors of angles between two lines co-ordinate of the centroid, orthocentre, and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of the family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines. Circle, conic sections  A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and central, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent, sections of conics, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for Y = mx +c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.

 UNIT 12: THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, directions ratios, and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them, and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, the intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines. 

UNIT 13: VECTOR ALGEBRA Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product. 

UNIT 14: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Measures of discretion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data. Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials, and binomial distribution. 

UNIT 15: TRIGONOMETRY Trigonometrical identities and equations, trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical functions, and their properties, heights, and distance. 

UNIT 16: MATHEMATICAL REASONING Statement logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if, understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse, and contrapositive.

PHYSICS 

UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT Physics, technology, and society, S I Units, fundamental and derived units, least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications. 

UNIT 2: KINEMATICS The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph, speed and velocity; Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion, Scalars and Vectors, Vector. Addition and subtraction, zero vector, scalar and vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion. 

UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION Force and inertia, Newton’s First law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion, Impulses; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications. 

UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER Work done by a content force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power. The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and neoconservative forces; Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions. 

UNIT5: ROTATIONAL MOTION Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; a moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications; the moment of inertia, the radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications. Rigid body rotation equations of rotational motion. 

UNIT 6: GRAVITATION The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo stationary satellites. 

UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 83 Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Viscosity. Stokes' law. terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow. Reynolds number. Bernoulli's principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction, convection, and radiation. Newton's law of cooling. 

UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency. 

UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro's number. 

UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period: Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance. Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, a reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler Effect in sound 

UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux. Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor. 

UNIT 12: CURRENT ELECTRICITY Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 84 Electric current. Drift velocity. Ohm's law. Electrical resistance. Resistances of different materials. V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy and power. Electrical resistivity. Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance. Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its applications. 

UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISMBiot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances. Magnetic susceptibility and permeability. Hysteresis. Electromagnets and permanent magnets. 

UNIT 14: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: Quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer. 

UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves. 

UNIT 16: OPTICS Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula. Total internal reflection and its applications. Deviation and Dispersion of light by a; prism; Lens Formula. Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers. Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid. 

UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 85 Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment. 

UNIT 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars: isotones. Radioactivity- alpha. beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion. 

UNIT 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: 1-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor: transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch. 

UNIT 20: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals. the bandwidth of Transmission medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only). 

UNIT 21: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: 1. Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel. 2. Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire. 3. Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time. 4. Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments. 5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire. 6. Surf ace tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents, 7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body, 8. Plotting a cooling curve for the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time. 9. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube, 10. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures. 11. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge. 12. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law. 13. Potentiometeri. Comparison of emf of two primary cells. ii. Determination of internal resistance of a cell. 14. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method. Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 86 15. The focal length of; (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror, and (ii) Convex lens, using the parallax method. 16. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism. 17. Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope. 18. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias. 19. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage. 20. Characteristic curves of a transistor and finding current gain and voltage gain. 21. Identification of Diode. LED, Transistor. IC. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items. 22. Using a multimeter to: (i) Identify the base of a transistor (ii) Distinguish between NPN and PNP type transistor (iii) See the unidirectional current in case of a diode and an LED. (iv) Check the correctness or otherwise of a given electronic component (diode, transistor, or IC). 

CHEMISTRY 

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 

UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY 

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound: Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision, and accuracy, significant figures. S.I.Units, dimensional analysis: Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry. 

UNIT 2: STATES OF MATTER 

Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases: Gas laws - Boyle's law, Charle’s law. Graham's law of diffusion. Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, and van der Waals equation. Liquid State: Properties of liquids - vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension, and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only). Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's Law and its applications: Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in solids; Electrical and magnetic properties. 

UNIT 3: ATOMIC STRUCTURE 

Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of  and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle. Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals. 

UNIT 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds. Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 88 Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy. Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules. Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance. Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications. 

UNIT 5: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS 

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes. The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution. The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G of the system as criteria for spontaneity. G (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant. 

UNIT 6: SOLUTIONS 

Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and nonideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance. 

UNIT 7: EQUILIBRIUM 

Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium. Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes. Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of G and G in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle. Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 89 equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions. 

UNIT 8: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions. Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications. Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells. 

UNIT 9: CHEMICAL KINETICS 

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation). 

UNIT 10: SURFACE CHEMISTRY 

Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions. Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis, and its mechanism. Colloidal state- distinction among true solutions, colloids, and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic. lyophobic; multi-molecular. macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect. Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation, and flocculation: Emulsions and their characteristics. 

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 11: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity. 

UNIT 12: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF METALS

Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods), and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al. Cu, Zn, and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals. Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 90 

UNIT 13: HYDROGEN 

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide; Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent, and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel. 

UNIT 14: S -BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)

Group -1 and 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships. Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime, limestone. Plaster of Paris and cement: Biological significance of Na, K. Mg, and Ca. 

UNIT 15: P- BLOCK ELEMENTS 

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group. Groupwise study of the p - block elements Group -13 Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminum; Structure, properties, and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, and alums. Group -14 The tendency for catenation; Structure, properties, and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones. Group -15 Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, and phosphorus halides, (PCl3. PCl5); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus. Group -16 Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ozone: Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur. Group-17 Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens. Group-18 Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon. 

UNIT 16: d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS 

Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4. Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states. 

UNIT 17: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS 

Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems). 

UNIT 18: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 

Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water, and soil. Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and Stratospheric Tropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming: Acid rain; Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention. Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of the ozone layer - its mechanism and effects. Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as. pathogens, organic wastes, and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention. Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as; Pesticides (insecticides. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects, and prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution. 

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

UNIT 19: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography - principles and their applications.  Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens. Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis, 

UNIT 20:SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism. Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles. Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation. Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement. 

UNITS 21: HYDROCARBONS

 Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions. Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes. Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization. Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration. Friedel - Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene. 

UNIT 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS 

General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT. 

UNIT 23: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses. Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 93 ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction. Ethers: Structure. Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of -hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones. Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it, 

UNIT 24: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses. Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry. 

UNIT 25: POLYMERS 

General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization, - Addition and condensation, copolymerization. Natural and synthetic, rubber and vulcanization, some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses – polythene, nylon, polyester, and bakelite. 

UNIT 26: BIOMOLECULES 

General introduction and importance of biomolecules. CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. VITAMINS – Classification and functions. NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids. 

UNIT 27: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE 

Chemicals in Medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids. Anti-histamines -their meaning and common examples. Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples. Cleansing Agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action 

UNIT 28: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.  The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.  The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4  Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NHସ ା Anions- COଷ ଶି, S2-,SOସ ଶି, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, I- ( Insoluble salts excluded). Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: 1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4 2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base. 3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols. 4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature. 

PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGY (HIGHER SECONDARY STAGE)

For National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test NEET (UG)-2023, the National Medical Commission of India (NMC) recommends the following syllabus for admission to MBBS/BDS/BAMS/BSMS/BUMS/BHMS courses across the country, after review of various State syllabi as well as those prepared by CBSE, NCERT, and COBSE. This is to establish uniformity across the country, keeping in view the relevance of different areas in medical education.

Physics syllabus of class 11th

1 Physical-world and measurement
2 Kinematics
3 Laws of Motion
4 Work, Energy and Power
5 Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
6 Gravitation
7 Properties of Bulk Matter
8 Thermodynamics
9 Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory
10 Oscillations and Waves

Physics syllabus of Class 12th

1 Electrostatics
2 Current Electricity
3 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
4 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
5 Electromagnetic Waves
6 Optics
7 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
8 Atoms and Nuclei
9 Electronic Devices

Chemistry syllabus of class 11th

1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
2 Structure of Atom
3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
5 States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
6 Thermodynamics
7 Equilibrium 8 Redox Reactions
9 Hydrogen
10 s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
11 Some p-Block Elements
12 Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques
13 Hydrocarbons
14 Environmental Chemistry

Chemistry syllabus of class 12th

1 Solid State
2 Solutions
3 Electrochemistry
4 Chemical Kinetics
5 Surface Chemistry
6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
7 p- Block Elements
8 d and f Block Elements
9 Coordination Compounds
10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
13 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
14 Biomolecules
15 Polymers
16 Chemistry in Everyday Life

Biology syllabus of class 11th

1 Diversity in Living World
2 Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
3 Cell Structure and Function
4 Plant Physiology
5 Human physiology

Biology syllabus of class 12th

1 Reproduction
2 Genetics and Evolution
3 Biology and Human Welfare
4 Biotechnology and Its Applications
5 Ecology and environment

PHYSICS: CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement

Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology, and society.

Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass, and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures.

Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications.

UNIT II: Kinematics

A frame of reference, Motion in a straight line; Position-time graph, speed, and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed, and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, and position-time graphs, for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).

Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity.

Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector in a plane-rectangular component.

Scalar and Vector products of Vectors. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration- projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.

UNIT III: Laws of Motion

Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum and Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.

Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.

Dynamics of uniform circular motion. Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road).

UNIT IV: Work, Energy, and Power

Work done by a constant force and variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.

Notion of potential energy, the potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); nonconservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation, and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod.
Moment of a force,-torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation, and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; the moment of inertia, the radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

UNIT VI: Gravitation
Kepler's laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites.

UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter
Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship. Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity, poisson's ratio; elastic energy.
Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, Reynold's number, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical velocity, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Anomalous expansion. Specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv- calorimetry; change of state - latent heat.
Heat transfer- conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black Body Radiation, Wein's displacement law, and Green House effect.
Newton's law of cooling and Stefan's law.

UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes.
Second law of the thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.

UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas.
Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path.

UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves
Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion(SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM -Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler effect.

PHYSICS: CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Electrostatics
Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb's law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges: equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric diploes in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.

UNIT II: Current Electricity
Electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (liner and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity, and conductivity.
Carbon resistors, color code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.
Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements.
Para-, dia-and ferro-magnetic substances, with examples.
Electromagnetic and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced emf and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents.
Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance;
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current. AC generator and transformer.

UNIT V: Electromagnetic Waves Need for displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

UNIT VI: Optics Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker's formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of light- blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens' principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens' principle. Interference, Young's double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.

UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation- particle nature of light. Matter waves- wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).

UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei Alpha- particle scattering experiments; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivity- alpha, beta and gamma particles/ rays and their properties decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

UNIT IX: Electronic Devices
Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, diode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.

CHEMISTRY: CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
General Introduction: Important and scope of chemistry.
Laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

UNIT II: Structure of Atom
Atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbital, quantum numbers, shapes of s,p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Modern periodic law and long form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elementsatomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electrone gativity, valence.

UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.

UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws of elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charle's law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, ideal behaviour of gases, empirical derivation of gas equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.
Liquid State- Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).

UNIT VI : Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of U and H, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of : bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution.
Introduction of entropy as state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.
Third law of thermodynamics- Brief introduction.

UNIT VII: Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium- Le Chatelier's principle; ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea)., buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions
Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers.

UNIT IX: Hydrogen
Occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydridesionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxidepreparation, reactions, uses and structure;

UNIT X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
Group I and group 2 elements:
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses.
Preparation and Properties of Some important Compounds:
Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogencarbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium.
Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.

UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements
General Introduction to p-Block Elements.
Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and alkalies.
General 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides.
Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses.

UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques
General introduction, methods of purification qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.
Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons
Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
Alkanes-Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.
Alkynes-Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of- hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution-Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.

UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry
Environmental pollution: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.

CHEMISTRY: CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Solid State
Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

UNIT II: Solutions
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor.

UNIT III: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell- electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.

UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory ( elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.

UNIT V: Surface Chemistry
Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of emulsions.

UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Principles and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

UNIT VII: p- Block Elements
Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur - allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals- metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and stereo) bonding, Werner's theory VBT,CFT; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).

UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C -X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).
Uses and environment effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.

UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical
and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.
Cyanides and Isocyanides- will be mentioned at relevant places.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT XIV: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates- Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D.L. configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance.
Proteins- Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.
Hormones- Elementary idea (excluding structure).
Vitamins- Classification and function.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

UNIT XV: Polymers Classification- Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polyesters, bakelite; rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
Chemicals in medicines- analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

BIOLOGY: CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Diversity in Living World
What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy - Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.
Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms classification up to class, characteristic features and examples).
Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).

UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).
Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)

UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action.
B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

UNIT IV: Plant Physiology
Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant - water relations - Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water - Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).
Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.
Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.
Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.

UNIT V: Human Physiology
Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders - PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.
Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.
Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.
Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal musclecontractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal systemMyasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humanscentral nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.
Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine systemHypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease).
(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)

BIOLOGY: CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Reproduction
Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction - Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.
Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).
Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution
Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism- Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.
Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.

Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin's contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg's principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare
Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunologyvaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
Improvement in food production; Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.
Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology). Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production,
gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issuesBiopiracy and patents.

UNIT V: Ecology and Environment Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release. Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries. Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warning; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

The Common University Entrance Test (CUET (UG) - 2023) is being introduced for admission into all UG Programmes in all Central Universities for academic session 2023-24 under the Ministry of Education, (MoE).
CUET-UG Syllabus

MATHEMATICS/ APPLIED MATHEMATICS (319) Syllabus

Note: There will be one Question Paper which will contain Two Sections i.e. Section A and Section B [B1 and B2]. Section A will have 15 questions covering both i.e. Mathematics/Applied Mathematics which will be compulsory for all candidates
Section B1 will have 35 questions from Mathematics out of which 25 questions need to be attempted. Section B2 will have 35 questions purely from Applied Mathematics out of which 25 question will be attempted.

SECTION A

1. Algebra (i) Matrices and types of Matrices (ii) Equality of Matrices, transpose of a Matrix, Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrix (iii) Algebra of Matrices (iv) Determinants (v) Inverse of a Matrix (vi) Solving of simultaneous equations using Matrix Method

2. Calculus (i) Higher order derivatives (ii) Tangents and Normals (iii) Increasing and Decreasing Functions (iv). Maxima and Minima

3. Integration and its Applications (i) Indefinite integrals of simple functions (ii) Evaluation of indefinite integrals (iii) Definite Integrals (iv). Application of Integration as area under the curve

4. Differential Equations (i) Order and degree of differential equations (ii) Formulating and solving of differential equations with variable separable

5. Probability Distributions (i) Random variables and its probability distribution (ii) Expected value of a random variable (iii) Variance and Standard Deviation of a random variable (iv). Binomial Distribution

6. Linear Programming (i) Mathematical formulation of Linear Programming Problem (ii) Graphical method of solution for problems in two variables (iii) Feasible and infeasible regions (iv). Optimal feasible solution

Section B1: Mathematics

UNIT I: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 1. Relations and Functions
Types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions, composite functions, inverse of a function. Binary operations.
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions Definition, range, domain, principal value branches. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.

UNIT II: ALGEBRA
1. Matrices Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).
2. Determinants Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix.Consistency,inconsistencyandnumberofsolutionsofsystem oflinearequationsbyexamples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

UNIT III: CALCULUS
1. Continuity and Differentiability Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function. Concepts of exponential, logarithmic functions. Derivativesoflog x andex.Logarithmicdifferentiation.Derivativeoffunctions expressedinparametric forms. Second-order derivatives. Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations.
2. Applications of Derivatives Applications of derivatives: Rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents and normals, approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations). Tangent and Normal.
3. Integrals Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, only simple integrals of the type -
to be evaluated. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals. 4. Applications of the Integrals Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, arcs of circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), area between the two above said curves (the region should be cleraly identifiable). 5. Differential Equations Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type - dy Py Q , where P and Q are functions of x or constant dx dx Px Q , where P and Q are functions of y or constant dy

UNIT IV: VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1. Vectors
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines/ratios of vectors. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Scalar (dot) product of vectors, projection of a vector on a line. Vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple product. 2. Three-dimensional Geometry Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane.

Unit V: Linear Programming
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constrains). Unit VI: Probability Multiplications theorem on probability. Conditional probability, independent events, total probability, Baye's theorem. Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance of haphazard variable. Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.

Section B2: Applied Mathematics

Unit I: Numbers, Quantification and Numerical Applications
A. Modulo Arithmetic Define modulus of an integer Apply arithmetic operations using modular arithmetic rules
B. Congruence Modulo Define congruence modulo Apply the definition in variousproblems
C. Allegation andMixture Understand the rule of allegation to produce a mixture at a givenprice Determine the mean price of amixture Apply rule of allegation
D. Numerical Problems Solve real life problems mathematically
E. Boats and Streams Distinguish between upstreamand downstream Express the problem in the formof an equation
F. Pipes andCisterns Determine the time taken bytwo or more pipes to fill or
G. Races andGames Compare the performance oftwo players w.r.t. time, distance taken/distance covered/ Work done from the givendata
H. Partnership Differentiate between activepartner and sleeping partner Determine the gain or loss tobe divided among the partners in the ratio of their investment with due consideration of the time volume/surface area for solid formed using two ormore shapes
I. Numerical Inequalities Describe the basic concepts ofnumerical inequalities Understand and write numericalinequalities

UNIT II: ALGEBRA A. Matrices andtypes of matrices Define matrix Identify different kinds ofmatrices
B. Equality of matrices, Transpose of amatrix, Symmetric andSkew symmetric matrix Determine equality of twomatrices Write transpose of given matrix Define symmetric and skewsymmetric matrix

UNIT III: CALCULUS
A. Higher OrderDerivatives Determine second and higherorder derivatives Understand differentiation ofparametric functions and implicit functions Identify dependent andindependent variables
B. Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue usingderivatives Define marginal cost andmarginal revenue Find marginal cost and marginalrevenue
C. Maxima andMinima Determine critical points of thefunction Find the point(s) of local maxima and local minima and corresponding local maximumand local minimum values Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum value of afunction

UNIT IV: PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
A. Probability Distribution Understand the concept ofRandom Variables and its Probability Distributions Find probability distribution ofdiscrete random variable
B. MathematicalExpectation Apply arithmetic mean of frequency distribution to find the expected value of a randomvariable
C. Variance Calculate the Variance and S.D.of a random variable

UNIT V: INDEX NUMBERS AND TIME BASED DATA A. Index Numbers Define Index numbers as aspecial type of average
B. Construction ofIndex numbers Construct different type of indexnumbers
C. Test of Adequacy of Index Numbers Apply time reversal test

UNIT VI: UNIT V: INDEX NUMBERS AND TIME BASED DATA
A. Population andSample Define Population and Sample Differentiate between population and sample Define a representative samplefrom a population
B. Parameter andStatistics and Statistical Interferences Define Parameter with reference to Population Define Statistics with referenceto Sample
Explain the relation betweenParameter and Statistic Explain the limitation of Statisticto generalize the estimation for population Interpret the concept of Statistical Significance andStatistical Inferences State Central Limit Theorem Explain the relation betweenPopulation-Sampling Distribution-Sample

UNIT VII: INDEX NUMBERS AND TIME-BASED DATA
A. Time Series Identify time series aschronological data
B. Components ofTime Series Distinguish between differentcomponents of time series
C. Time Series analysis for univariate data Solve practical problems basedon statistical data and Interpret

UNIT VIII: FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
A. Perpetuity, Sinking Funds Explain the concept of perpetuity and sinking fund Calculate perpetuity Differentiate between sinkingfund and saving account
B. Valuation ofBonds Define the concept of valuationof bond and related terms Calculate value of bond usingpresent value approach
C. Calculation ofEMI Explain the concept of EMI Calculate EMI using variousmethods
D. Linear method of Depreciation Define the concept of linearmethod of Depreciation Interpret cost, residual value and useful life of an asset fromthe given information Calculate depreciation

UNIT IX: LINEAR PROGRAMMING
A. Introductionand relatedterminology Familiarize with terms related toLinear Programming Problem
B. Mathematicalformulation ofLinear ProgrammingProblem Formulate Linear ProgrammingProblem
C. Different types of Linear Programming Problems Identify and formulate differenttypes of LPP
D. Graphical Method of Solution for problems in two Variables Draw the Graph for a system oflinear inequalities involving twovariables and to find its solutiongraphically
E. Feasible and InfeasibleRegions Identify feasible, infeasible andbounded regions
F. Feasible andinfeasible solutions, optimal feasible solution Understand feasible andinfeasible solutions Find optimal feasible solution

 

PHYSICS-322
Note:
There will be one Question Paper which will have 50 questions out of which 40 questions need to be attempted.
PHYSICS

Unit I: Electrostatics
Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb's law - force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle, and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, the electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges, and electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges, and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, the combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graff generator.

Unit II: Current Electricity
Electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.
Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference, and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.
Kirchhoff 's laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, Metre Bridge.
Potentiometer - principle, and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Concept of the magnetic field, Oersted's experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors - definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer - its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced emf and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves
Need for displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Unit VI: Optics
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection, and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker's formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of light-blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation, and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. Wave optics: Wave front and Huygens' Principle, reflection, and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens' Principle. Interference, Young's double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving the power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarization, plane polarized light; Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation - particle nature of light. Matter waves - wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only the conclusion should be explained.) Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei Alpha - particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivity - alpha, beta, and gamma particles/rays, and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission and fusion. Unit IX: Electronic Devices Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators, and semiconductors; semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch. Unit X: Communication Systems Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV, and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky, and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.

Chemistry - 306 Syllabus for Class 12
Note: There will be one Question Paper which will have 50 questions out of which 40 questions need to be attempted.

Unit I: Solid State CHEMISTRY - 306
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic covalent, and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids(elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three-dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n and p-type semiconductors.

Unit II: Solutions Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, the solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties - the relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's law, elevation of B.P., depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Vant Hoff factor.

Unit III: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions; conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell - electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells. Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.

Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations, and half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

Unit V: Surface Chemistry
Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: the distinction between true solutions, colloids, and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions - types of emulsions.

Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method, and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum, copper, zinc, and iron.

Unit VII: p-Block Elements
Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen - preparation, properties, and uses; compounds of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen ( structure only); Phosphorous-allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine ,halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties, and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur - allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties, and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only). Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only). Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals - metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Lanthanoids - electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. Actinoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanoids.

Unit IX Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding, Werner's theory VBT, CFT; isomerism (structural and stereo)importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems).

Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation. Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol. Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses. Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Unit XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary, and tertiary amines.
Cyanides and Isocyanides - will be mentioned at relevant places in context. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry. Unit XIV: Biomolecules Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance. Proteins - Elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones -Elementary idea (excluding structure).
Vitamins - Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Unit XV: Polymers Classification - Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers. Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life 1. Chemicals in medicines - analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials,
antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. 2. Chemicals in food - preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants. 3. Cleansing agents - soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

 

BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL STUDIES/BIOTECNOLOGY/ BIOCHEMISTRY-304

Note: There will be one Question Paper which will have 50 questions out of which 40 questions need to be attempted.
BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL STUDIES/BIOTECNOLOGY/BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit I: Reproduction
Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction - Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes- Binary fission,sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.
Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).
Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases(STD); Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).
Unit II: Genetics and Evolution
Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism- Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenicinheritance; Chromosome theoryofinheritance;Chromosomesandgenes;Sexdetermination-Inhumans,birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans- Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.
MolecularBasisof Inheritance: Searchfor geneticmaterialandDNAas geneticmaterial;Structureof DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code,translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing. Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin's contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution- Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection;Geneflowandgeneticdirft;Hardy-Weinberg'sprinciple;Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.
Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare
Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines;Cancer, HIV and AIDs; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification;Apiculture and Animal husbandry. Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
Unit IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
Applicationof Biotechnology in healthand agriculture: Human insulinand vaccine production, genetherapy; Geneticallymodifiedorganisms-Bt crops;TransgenicAnimals; Biosafetyissues-Biopiracy andpatents.
Unit V: Ecology and environment
Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions- mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; EcologicalServices- Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release. Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance ofBiodiversity;Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries. Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and globalwarming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Anythreecasestudiesassuccessstoriesaddressingenvironmental issues.



Mathematics

• Unit 1(Relations And Functions)
• Unit 2(Inverse Trigonometric Functions)
• Unit 3(Matrices)
• Unit 4(Determinants)
• Unit 5(Continuity And Differentiability)
• Unit 6(Application Of Derivatives)
• Unit 7(Integrals)
• Unit 8(Application Of Integrals)
• Unit 9(Differential Equations)
• Unit 10(Vector Algebra)
• Unit 11(Three Dimensional Geometry)
• Unit 12(Linear Programming)
• Unit 13(Probability)

Physics

• Unit 1(Electric Charges And Fields)
• Unit 2(Electrostatic Potential And Capacitance)
• Unit 3(Current Electricity)
• Unit 4(Moving Charges And Magnetism)
• Unit 5(Magnetism And Matter)
• Unit 6(Electromagnetic Induction)
• Unit 7(Alternating Current)
• Unit 8(Electromagnetic Waves)
• Unit 9(Ray Optics And Optical Instruments)
• Unit 10(Wave Optics)
• Unit 11(Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter)
• Unit 12(Atoms)
• Unit 13 (Nuclei)
• Unit 14 (Semiconductor Electronics)
• Unit 15(Communication Systems)

Biology

• 1.REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
• 2.SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
• 3.HUMAN REPRODUCTION
• 4.REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
• 5.PRINCIPLE OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
• 6.MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
• 7.EVOLUTION
• 8.HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES
• 9.STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION
• 10.MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE
• 11.BIOTECHNOLOGY : PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSESt
• 12.BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
• 13.ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS
• 14.ECOSYSTEM
• 15.BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
• 16.ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Chemistry

• 1.Solid States
• 2.Solutions
• 3.Electrochemistry
• 4.Chemical Kinetics
• 5.Surface Chemistry
• 6.General Principle and Processes of Isolation of Elements
• 7.The p-block Elements
• 8.The d-and f-Block Elements
• 9.Coordination Compounds
• 10.Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• 11.Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• 12.Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• 13.Amines
• 14.Biomolecules
• 15.Polymers
• 16.Chemistry In Everyday Life

Mathematics

• Unit 1(Sets)
• Unit 2(Relations And Functions)
• Unit 3(Trigonometric Functions)
• Unit 4(Principle Of Mathematical Induction)
• Unit 5(Complex Numbers And Quadratic Equations)
• Unit 6(Linear Inequalities)
• Unit 7(Permutations And Combinations)
• Unit 8(Binomial Theorem)
• Unit 9(Sequence And Series)
• Unit 10(Straight Lines)
• Unit 11(Conic Sections)
• Unit 12(Introduction To Three Dimensional Geometry)
• Unit 13(Limits And Derivatives)
• Unit 14(Mathematical Reasoning)
• Unit 15(Statistics)
• Unit 16(Probability)
• (Answers)
• (Design Of The Question)

Physics

• Chapter 1 (Introduction)
• Chapter 2 (Units and Measurements)
• Chapter 3 (Motion In a Straight Line)
• Chapter 4 (Motion In a Plane)
• Chapter 5 (Laws of Motion)
• Chapter 6 (Work, Energy and Power)
• Chapter 7 (System of Particles and Rotational Motion)
• Chapter 8 (Gravitation)
• Chapter 9 (Mechanical Properties of Solids)
• Chapter 10 (Mechanical Properties of Fluids)
• Chapter 11 (Thermal Properties of Matter)
• Chapter 12 (Thermodynamics)
• Chapter 13 (Kinetic Theory)
• Chapter 14 (Oscillations)
• Chapter 15 (Waves)
• Chapter 16 (Answers)
• Chapter 17 (Design of Question Paper)

Biology

• Chapter 1 (THE LIVING WORLD)
• Chapter 2 (BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION)
• Chapter 3 (PLANT KINGDOM)
• Chapter 4 (ANIMAL KINGDOM)
• Chapter 5 (MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS)
• Chapter 6 (ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS)
• Chapter 7 (STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS)
• Chapter 8 (CELL : THE UNIT OF LIFE)
• Chapter 9 (BIOMOLECULES)
• Chapter 10 (CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION)
• Chapter 11 (TRANSPORT IN PLANTS)
• Chapter 12 (MINERAL NUTRITION)
• Chapter 13 (PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS)
• Chapter 14 (RESPIRATION IN PLANTS)
• Chapter 15 (PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT)
• Chapter 16 (DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION)
• Chapter 17 (BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES)
• Chapter 18 BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION)
• Chapter 19 (EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION)
• Chapter 20 (LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT)
• Chapter 21 (NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION)
• Chapter 22 (CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION)
• Chapter 23 (ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS)
• Chapter 24 (MODEL ANSWERS TO DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS)
• Chapter 25 (MODEL QUESTION PAPER)

Chemistry

• Unit 1 (SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY)
• Unit 2 (SSTRUCTURE OF A TURE OF ATOM)
• Unit 3 (Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Propertie)
• Unit 4 (CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE)
• Unit 5 (STATES OF MATTER)
• Unit 6 (THERMODYNAMICS)
• Unit 7 (EQUILIBRIUM)
• Unit 8 (REDOX REACTIONS)
• Unit 9 (HYDROGEN)
• Unit 10 (THE s -BLOCK ELEMENTS)
• Unit 11 (THE p -BLOCK ELEMENTS)
• Unit 12 (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES)
• Unit 13 (HHYDROCARBONS)
• Unit 14 (ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY)
• I (Design of the Sample Question Paper)
• APPENDIX I (ELEMENTS, THEIR ATOMIC NUMBER AND MOLAR MASS)

Mathematics

• Unit 1(Real Numbers)
• Unit 2(Polynomials)
• Unit 3(Pair of Liner Equation in Two Variable)
• Unit 4(Quadatric Equation)
• Unit 5(Arithematic Progressions)
• Unit 6(Triangles)
• Unit 7(Coordinate Geometry)
• Unit 8(Introduction to Trignometry & its Equation)
• Unit 9(Circles)
• Unit 10(Construction)
• Unit 11(Area Related To Circles)
• Unit 12(Surface Areas & Volumes)
• Unit 13(Statistics and Probability)
• Design of the Question Paper- Set I
• Design of the Question Paper- Set II

Science

• Unit 1(Chemical Reactions and Equations)
• Unit 2(Acids, Bases and Salts)
• Unit 3(Metals and Non-metals)
• Unit 4(Carbon and its Compounds)
• Unit 5(Periodic Classification of Elements)
• Unit 6(Life Processes)
• Unit 7(Control and Coordination)
• Unit 8(How do Organisms Reproduce?)
• Unit 9(Heredity and Evolution)
• Unit 10(Light – Reflection and Refraction)
• Unit 11(The Human Eye and the Colourful World)
• Unit 12(Electricity)
• Unit 13 (Magnetic Effects of Electric Current)
• Unit 14 (Sources of Energy)
• Unit 15(Our Environment)
• Unit 16(Management of Natural Resources)
• SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-Set I
• SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-Set II

Mathematics

• Unit 1(Number Systems)
• Unit 2(Polynomials)
• Unit 3(Coordinate Geometry)
• Unit 4(Linear Equation In Two Variables)
• Unit 5(Introduction To Euclid's Geometry)
• Unit 6(Lines & Angles)
• Unit 7(Triangles)
• Unit 8(Quadrilaterals)
• Unit 9(Areas of Parallelograms & Triangles)
• Unit 10(Circles)
• Unit 11(Construction)
• Unit 12(Heron's Formula)
• Unit 13(Surface Area & Volumes)
• Unit 14(Statistics & Probability)
• Design Of The Question Paper-Set I
• Design Of The Question Paper-Set II

Science

• Unit 1(Matter In Our Surroundings)
• Unit 2(Is Matter Around Us Pure)
• Unit 3(Atoms & Molecules)
• Unit 4(Structure Of The Atoms)
• Unit 5(The Fundamental Unit Of Life)
• Unit 6(Tissues)
• Unit 7(Diversity In Living Organism)
• Unit 8(Motion)
• Unit 9(Force & Laws Of Motion)
• Unit 10(Gravitation)
• Unit 11(Work & Energy)
• Unit 12(Sound)
• Unit 13(Why Do We Fall Ill)
• Unit 14(Natural Resources)
• Unit 15 (Impovement In Food Resources)
• Sample Question Paper I
• Sample Question Paper II

Class VI Mathematics

• Unit 1 (Number System)
• Unit 2 (Geometry)
• Unit 3 (Integers)
• Unit 4 (Fractions & Decimals)
• Unit 5 (Data Handling)
• Unit 6 (Mensuration)
• Unit 7 (Algebra)
• Unit 8 (Ratio & Proportion)
• Unit 9 (Symmetry & Practical Geometry)

Class VI Science

• 1.Food: Where Does It Come From?
• 2.Components of Food
• 3.Fibre to Fabric
• 4.Sorting Materials and Groups
• 5.Separation of Substances
• 6.Changes Around Us
• 7.Getting to Know Plants
• 8.Body Movement
• 9.The Living Organisms and their Surroundings
• 10.Motion and Measurement of Distances
• 11.Light
• 12.Electricity and Circuits
• 13.Fun with Magnets
• 14.Water
• 15.Air Around Us
• 16.Garbage in, Garbage out

Class VII Mathematics

• Unit 1(Integers)
• Unit 2(Fractions & Decimals)
• Unit 3(Data Handling)
• Unit 4(Simple Equations)
• Unit 5(Lines & Angles)
• Unit 6(Triangles)
• Unit 7(Comparing Quantities)
• Unit 8(Rationals Numbers)
• Unit 9(Perimeter & Area)
• Unit 10(Algebraic Expressions)
• Unit 11(Exponents & Powers)
• Unit 12(Practical Geometry Symmetry & Visualising Solid Shapes)

Class VII Science

• Unit 1(Nutrition in Plants)
• Unit 2(Nutrition in Animals)
• Unit 3(Fibre to Fabric)
• Unit 4(Heat)
• Unit 5(Acids, Bases and Salts)
• Unit 6(Physical and Chemical Changes)
• Unit 7(Weather, Climate and Adaptation of Animals to Climate)
• Unit 8(Wind, Storm and Cyclone)
• Unit 9(Soil)
• Unit 10(Respiration in Organisms)
• Unit 11(Transportation in Animals and Plants)
• Unit 12(Reproduction in Plants)
• Unit 13(Motion and Time)
• Unit 14(Electric Current and Its Effects)
• Unit 15(Light)
• Unit 16(Water : A Precious Resource)
• Unit 17(Forests : Our Lifeline)
• Unit 18(Wastewater Story)

Class VIII Mathematics

• Unit 1(Rational Numbers)
• Unit 2(Data Handling)
• Unit 3(Square-Square Root & Cube-Cube Root)
• Unit 4(Linear Equation In One Variable)
• Unit 5(Understanding Quadrilaterals & Practical Geometry)
• Unit 6(Visualising The Solid Shapes)
• Unit 7(Algebraic Expression, Identities & Factorisation)
• Unit 8(Exponents & Powers)
• Unit 9(Comparing Quantities)
• Unit 10(Direct & Inverse Proportions)
• Unit 11(Mensuration)
• Unit 12(Introduct To Graphs)
• Unit 13(Playing With Numbers)

Class VIII Science

• Unit 1(Crop Production and Management)
• Unit 2(Microorganisms : Friend and Foe)
• Unit 3(Synthetic Fibres and Plastics)
• Unit 4(Materials : Metals and Non-Metals)
• Unit 5(Coal and Petroleum)
• Unit 6(Combustion and Flame)
• Unit 7(Conservation of Plants and Animals)
• Unit 8(Cell—Structure and Functions)
• Unit 9(Reproduction in Animals)
• Unit 10(Reaching the Age of Adolescence)
• Unit 11(Force)
• Unit 12(Friction)
• Unit 13(Sound)
• Unit 14(Chemical Effects of Electric Current)
• Unit 15(Some Natural Phenomena)
• Unit 16(Light)
• Unit 17(Stars and Solar System)
• Unit 18(Pollution of Air and Water)